探索除气过滤的优势及相关解决方案
“就像福特 T 型汽车一样,‘一点空气并无大碍’的观念早已过时,尽早让未来几代医务工作者走出这样的误区刻不容缓。”1
空气栓塞是一种可预防的医院获得性疾病 (HAC),可能导致严重伤害,甚至死亡。2,3 HAC 是指患者入院前不存在而于住院期间才罹患的疾病。3 于 2005 年颁布的《赤字削减法案》中“联邦医疗保险计划 (Medicare)‘不报销’”条款于 2008 年正式生效,取消了对空气栓塞等可预防 HAC 的边际成本的报销。4
因此,防止空气进入患者的循环系统有助于医疗保健服务提供者实现实质性开支节省。当一个或多个气泡进入静脉并造成血管堵塞时,便会发生血管空气栓塞 (VAE)。平均而言,一起 VAE 事故将让医疗保健体系花费 66,007 美元。5-7
在医院环境中,空气可能通过多种方式进入静脉循环,如外科手术、疼痛管理程序、诊断程序、血液灌注和静脉输液治疗等。8 就 VAE 而言,中心静脉导管 (CVC) 值得特别关注。大约百分之八的住院患者需要中心静脉通路搭建,比如美国每年便有逾五百万例 CVC 插入。9
与 CVC 相关的 VAE 发生频率的估计值因研究而异。据报告,其范围在(按导管插入事件计)1/47~1/3000 之间或(对于每名患者而言)0.1%~2% 之间。10-14 据宾夕法尼亚州患者安全管理局报告,41% 的 VAE 均与中心静脉置管有关。2
虽然这种并发症的发生率可能很低,但与 CVC 相关的静脉空气栓塞导致的死亡率却高达 23%~50%。15-17
因此,于医疗保健服务提供者而言,在防止 VAE 方面,使用除气过滤器等技术措施至关重要。在这一点上,美国静脉输液护理学会 (INS) 和美国肠外肠内营养学会 (ASPEN) 推荐采用管路过滤作为预防策略,来降低空气栓塞风险。18,19
2021 年,INS 就 IV过滤器的使用作出如下规定:
- “应考虑对溶液和药物进行过滤,以减少输注溶液和药物中夹带的空气微泡(直径 <1 mm)。”
- “对于医学诊断中涉及右向左心/肺分流的所有患者,在输液时应使用除气过滤器,以防止空气和颗粒物进入动脉循环(又称反常栓塞)。”18
颇尔 IV过滤器上的疏水性通气膜可有效消除输注液体中(因排气、断开连接等)可能夹带的空气,防止患者出现空气栓塞。内部研究结果表明,无论是采用垂直位置还是水平位置,颇尔过滤器均可消除夹带的空气。21 欢迎参阅以下章节,了解更多有关空气栓塞和输液过滤器使用的信息。
References
- Myers G.J. (2017). Air in intravenous lines: a need to review old opinion. Perfusion; 32(6): 432-435
- Feil M. (2012). Reducing Risk of Air Embolism Associated with Central Venous Access Devices. Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority; 9 (2): 58-65
- Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2020). Publicly Reported DRA HAC Measures - Frequently Asked Questions from https://www.cms.gov/files/document/frequently-asked-questions-publicly-reported-deficit-reduction-act-dra-hospital-acquired-condition.pdf [accessed 02/23/2021]
- Kornkven A. (2020). The Impact of Medicare Nonpayment: A Quasi-Experimental Approach from https://sites.duke.edu/djepapers/files/2020/06/audreykornkven-dje.pdf [accessed 02/23/2021]
- Rowland HT. (2009). When never happens: Implications of Medicare’s never event policy. Marquette Elder’s Advi; 10: 341-82
- Bhananker S.M. et al. (2009). Liability related to peripheral venous and arterial catheterization: A closed claims analysis. Anesth Analg; 109: 124-9
- Domino K.B. et al. (2004). Injuries and liability related to central vascular catheters: A closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology; 100: 1411-8
- Mirski M.A., Lele A.V., M.D., Fitzsimmons L., Toung T.J.K. (2007). Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Air Embolism. Anesthesiology; 106: 164-177
- Kornbau C., Lee K.C., Hughes G.D., Firstenberg MS. (2015). Central line complications. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci; 5(3): 170-178.
- Cook L.S. (2013). Infusion-Related Air Embolism. Journal of Infusion Nursing; 36 (1): 26-36
- Boersma R.S., Jie K.S., Verbon A., van Pampus E.C., Schouten H.C. (2008). Thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters in patients with hematological malignancies. Ann Oncol; 19: 433-442
- Gordy S., Rowell S. (2013). Vascular air embolism. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci;3 (1): 73-76
- Scott W.L. (1988). Complications Associated with Central Venous Catheters: A Survey. Chest; 94 (6): 1221-1224
- Vesely T.M. (2001). Air Embolism during Insertion of Central Venous Catheters. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology; 12 (11): 1291-1295
- Feil M. (2015). Preventing central line air embolism. Am J Nurs; 115 (6): 64-9.
- Heckmann J.G. et al. (2000). Neurologic manifestations of cerebral air embolism as a complication of central venous catheterization. Crit Care Med; 28(5): 1621-5
- Kashuk J.L., Penn I. (1984). Air embolism after central venous catheterization. Surg Gynecol Obstet; 159: 249-52
- Gorski L.A. et al. (2021). Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 8th Edition. J Infus Nurs; 01(44): S1-S224
- Ayers P. et al. (2014) A.S.P.E.N. Parenteral Nutrition Safety Consensus Recommendations. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 38 (3): 296-333
- Stephens A. (2010). Air Elimination Capabilities of the Pall Lipipor™ TNA2 Filter for Parenteral Nutrition. Pall Technical report # 10.3992
- Giblett J.P., Abdul-Samad O., Shapiro L.M., Rana B.S., Calvert P.A.(2019). Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in 2019. Interv Cardiol;14(1): 34-41.
References
- Feil M. (2012). Reducing Risk of Air Embolism Associated with Central Venous Access Devices. Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority; 9 (2): 58-65
- Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2020). Publicly Reported DRA HAC Measures - Frequently Asked Questions from https://www.cms.gov/files/document/frequently-asked-questions-publicly-reported-deficit-reduction-act-dra-hospital-acquired-condition.pdf [accessed 02/23/2021]
- Healthline (2021). Air Embolism. [Updated 2017 August 15]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/air-embolism#outlook
基本上,有两个关键因素决定了血管空气栓塞 (VAE) 的发病率和死亡率,即:
- 空气夹带量和
- 积累率1
多少空气量会致命?
- 动物研究表明,大约 0.5–0.75 ml/kg 的空气会导致兔子死亡,大约 7.5–15.0 ml/kg 的空气会导致狗死亡。2-4
- 人体意外血管内空气输送的病例报告将致死量定为 200–300 ml 或 3–5 ml/kg。5,6
- 其他病例报告表明,快速吸入 20 mL 或更少空气亦可能导致致命栓塞。7
- 一般来说,人们认为空气量大于 50 mL 便可能致命。8
空气栓塞的临床表现
VAE 可能对心血管、肺部和神经系统产生影响,具体取决于空气的流通速率和夹带量。1 快速大剂量注射可能导致心血管急剧衰竭,而逐渐积累(图 1:微气泡)则可能被忽视。8 下图说明了急性栓塞量与临床症状及体征的关系。
References
- Mirski M.A., Lele A.V., M.D., Fitzsimmons L., Toung T.J.K. (2007). Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Air Embolism. Anesthesiology; 106: 164-177
- Oppenheimer M.J., Durant T.M., Lynch P. (1953). Body position related to venous air embolism and associated cardiovascular-respiratory changes. Am J Med Sci; 225: 362-73
- Alvaran S.B., Toung J.K., Graff T.E., Benson D.W. (1978). Venous air embolism: Comparative merits of external cardiac massage, intracardiac aspiration, and left lateral decubitus position. Anesth Analg; 57: 166-70
- Munson E., Merrick H.C. (1966). Effect of nitrous oxide on venous air embolism. Anesthesiology; 27: 783-7
- Toung T.J., Rossberg M.I., Hutchins G.M. (2001). Volume of air in a lethal venous air embolism. Anesthesiology; 94: 360-1
- Martland H.S. (1945). Air embolism: Fatal air embolism due to powder insufflators used in gynecological treatments. Am J Surg; 68: 164-9
- Muth C.M., Shank E.S. (2000). Gas embolism. N Engl J Med; 342 (7): 476-482
- Cook L.S. (2013). Infusion-Related Air Embolism. Journal of Infusion Nursing; 36 (1): 26-36
中心静脉通路搭建在治疗住院患者方面具有不可估量的价值,是一种常见的手术。
- 大约百分之八的住院患者需要中心静脉通路搭建,比如美国每年便有逾五百万例中心静脉导管插入。1,2
- 重症监护室 (ICU) 中的患者通常需要中心静脉通路搭建。大约 60% 的 ICU 患者和 24% 的非 ICU 患者使用了 CVC。3
- 仅在美国,ICU 每年记录的导管日逾 1500 万个(即在选定的时间段内,选定人群中所有患者使用 CVC 的总天数)。4
- 尽管非 ICU 病房的 CVC 使用率较低,但 ICU 外的总 CVC 使用数却超过了 ICU 的总 CVC 使用数。3
使用中心导管并非没有风险,实际上中心导管的使用常常直接导致血管、心脏及肺部并发症。5,6 并发症通常发生在导管插入之时、导管停留在体内期间以及导管拔除之时。7 导管相关并发症的发生率各不相同,广泛取决于并发症的术语和定义、患者群体、测量单位、导管插入和随访的持续时间、导管位置、放置与护理程序以及诊断方法。8 最常见的一类并发症为导管相关性血流感染 (CRBSI)。据报告,导管放置所致 CRBSI 的发生率高达 4.3%~26%。7 与 CRBSI 相比,与 CVC 相关的血管空气栓塞 (VAE) 的发生率相对较低。
- 对与 CVC 相关的 VAE 发生频率的估计差异很大。按导管插入事件计,发生率为 1/47~1/3000。9
- 而对于每名患者而言,使用中心导管所致空气栓塞的发生率则为 0.1%~2%。10,11,12,13
宾夕法尼亚州患者安全管理局有关空气栓塞的一份报告显示:
- 41% 的 VAE 与中心静脉置管有关;
- 30% 的 VAE 与外科手术有关;
- 24% 的 VAE 与血管内手术有关;以及
- 5% 的 VAE 与外周静脉置管有关。14
然而,由于少量空气通常不会引起严重的临床后果而往往无法被检测到,或者诊断很容易被忽视,人们认为 VAE 的真实发病率实际上更高。13 虽然这一并发症的发生率偏低,但与 CVC 相关的静脉空气栓塞的死亡率却高达 23%~50%。14,15,16
即使是最保守的估计(美国每年有 500 万例 CVC 插入,空气栓塞的发生率为 0.1%,相应的死亡率为 23%),也表明仅在美国每年就有 1,150 人死于这种并发症。17
References
- Ruesch S., Walder B., Tramèr M.R. (2002). Complications of central venous catheters: internal jugular versus subclavian access--a systematic review. Crit Care Med; 30: 454
- McGee D.C., Gould M.K. (2003). Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med; 348: 1123
- Climo, M. et al. (2003). Prevalence of the Use of Central Venous Access Devices Within and Outside of the Intensive Care Unit: Results of a Survey Among Hospitals in the Prevention Epicenter Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology; 24 (12): 942-945
- Mermel LA. (2000). Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. (Erratum: Ann Intern Med 133:395, 2000). Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 391-402
- Kornbau C., Lee K.C., Hughes G.D., Firstenberg M.S. (2015). Central line complications. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science; 5 (3): 170-178
- Patel A.R., Patel A.R., Singh S., SinghS., Khawaja I. (2019). Central Line Catheters and Associated Complications: A Review. Cureus; 11(5): e4717
- Napalkov P., Felici D.M., Chu L.K., Jacobs J.R, Begelman S.M. (2013). Incidence of catheter-related complications in patients with central venous or hemodialysis catheters: a health care claims database analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders; 13 (86): 1-10
- Boersma R.S., Jie K.S., Verbon A., van Pampus E.C., Schouten H.C. (2008). Thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters in patients with hematological malignancies. Ann Oncol; 19: 433-442
- Cook L.S. (2013). Infusion-Related Air Embolism. Journal of Infusion Nursing; 36 (1): 26-36
- Gordy S., Rowell S. (2013). Vascular air embolism. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci;3 (1): 73-76
- Scott W.L. (1988). Complications Associated with Central Venous Catheters: A Survey. Chest; 94 (6): 1221-1224
- Vesely T.M. (2001). Air Embolism during Insertion of Central Venous Catheters. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology; 12 (11): 1291-1295
- Bulsara K.R., MD, Lee S., Calafiore R. (2020). Commentary: Air Bubbles in Infusion: An Easily Avoidable Potential Complication. Operative Neurosurgery; 18 (2): E59-E60
- Feil M. (2015). Preventing central line air embolism. Am J Nurs; 115 (6): 64-9.
- Heckmann J.G. et al. (2000). Neurologic manifestations of cerebral air embolism as a complication of central venous catheterization. Crit Care Med; 28(5): 1621-5
- Kashuk J.L., Penn I. (1984). Air embolism after central venous catheterization. Surg Gynecol Obstet; 159: 249-52
- Patientsafe (2021) Central Line Air Emboli: one death every day? from https://patientsafe.wordpress.com/2016/11/14/central-line-air-embolus-one-death-every-day/ [accessed on 03_02_2021]
血栓穿过心内缺损部分进入体循环时,便会发生反常栓塞 (PDE)。栓子通常为血块,但也可能为脂肪颗粒、羊水、肿瘤或空气等。1
已知有四种心内缺损情况,即:卵圆孔未闭 (PFO)、房间隔缺损 (ASD)、室间隔缺损 (VSD) 和肺动静脉畸形 (PAM)。
有关详细信息,请参见下表和下图。
References
- Hakman E.N., Cowling K.M. (2021). Paradoxical Embolism. [Updated 2020 Sep 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470196/
- American Heart Association (2021). Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO). [Updated 2017 March 31]. Available from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/patent-foramen-ovale-pfo
- Cook L.S. (2013). Infusion-Related Air Embolism. Journal of Infusion Nursing; 36 (1): 26-36
- Koutroulou I. et al. (2020). Epidemiology of Patent Foramen Ovale in General Population and in Stroke Patients: A Narrative Review. Front Neurol; 11 (281)
- CDC (2021). Facts about Atrial Septal Defect. [Updated 2020 November 17]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/atrialseptaldefect.html
- Mai C.T. et al. (2019). National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2010-2014. Birth Defects Res; 111 (18): 1420-1435
- Bannan A., Shen R., Silvestry F.E., Herrmann H.C. (2009). Characteristics of adult patients with atrial septal defects presenting with paradoxical embolism. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv; 74(7): 1066-9
- Kochav J. (2018) Ventricular Septal Defect. In: DeFaria Yeh D., Bhatt A. (eds) Adult Congenital Heart Disease in Clinical Practice. In Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67420-9_5
- Nakayama M. et al. (2012). Prevalence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations as estimated by low-dose thoracic CT screening. Intern Med; 51 (13): 1677-81
- Wilkins R.G., Unverdorben M. (2012). Intravenous Infusion of Air. Journal of Infusion Nursing; 35 (6): 404-408
- Giblett J.P., Abdul-Samad O., Shapiro L.M., Rana B.S., Calvert P.A. (2019). Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in 2019. Interv Cardiol;14 (1): 34-41
- Heckmann J.G. et al. (2000). Neurologic manifestations of cerebral air embolism as a complication of central venous catheterization. Crit Care Med; 28 (5): 1621-1625
- Gorski L.A. et al. (2021). Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 8th Edition. J Infus Nurs; 01(44): S1-S224
您是否曾见到过颇尔 IV过滤器消除气泡?
颇尔除气过滤器可防止空气进入成人、儿童和新生儿患者的血管系统。内部研究结果表明,无论采用垂直位置还是水平位置,颇尔过滤器均可消除夹带的空气。1
欢迎观看下方视频,了解颇尔 IV过滤器如何消除气泡。
关于 IV过滤器作为预防性策略消除输液管中空气的说明:
- “虽然没有来自经充分设计临床研究的数据,但目前最安全的方法是使用除气过滤器。”2
- “在一切适当的情况下,均应在输液管组上使用除气过滤器。”3
References
- Amanda S. (2010). Air Elimination Capabilities of the Pall Lipipor™ TNA2 Filter for Parenteral Nutrition. Pall Technical Report: # 10.3992
- Wilkins R.G., Unverdorben M. (2012). Intravenous Infusion of Air. Journal of Infusion Nursing; 35 (6): 404-408
- Feil M. (2012). Reducing Risk of Air Embolism Associated with Central Venous Access Devices. Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority; 9 (2): 58-65
防止空气进入患者的循环系统有助于医疗保健服务提供者实现实质性开支节省。
- 血管空气栓塞 (VAE) 为医院带来了巨大的财务负担。平均而言,一起 VAE 并发症事故将让医疗保健体系花费 66,007 美元。1-3
- 对于可能需要全面 ICU 治疗的严重多重并发症,医疗保健服务提供者每成功预防一起该等事故,便可节省高达 56,670 欧元。4-8
美国联邦医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心 (CMMS) 已将空气栓塞列为了可预防的疾病,因此不予报销
医院获得性疾病 (HAC) 是指患者入院前不存在而于住院期间才罹患的疾病。9
- 2005 年颁布的《赤字削减法案》中“联邦医疗保险计划 (Medicare)‘不报销’”条款于 2008 年正式生效,取消了对空气栓塞等可预防 HAC 的边际成本的报销。10
- 2015 年,联邦 HAC 减少计划要求 CMMS 根据风险调整后的国家 HAC 评分,筛选出过去一年表现最差的 25% 的医院,削减其 1% 的医保计划付款(即联邦医疗保险计划支付给每家医院的费用)。11
鉴于此,医院可考虑使用 IV过滤器,来降低与中心静脉置管相关的空气栓塞风险。
美国国家质量论坛宣布将空气栓塞列为“严重应报告事件”(即“严禁事件”)
美国国家质量论坛 (NQF) 为非营利性的无党派、会员制组织,致力于促进医疗保健进步。预防不良医疗保健事件是 NQF 患者安全保障工作的核心。“严禁事件”一词最初由 NQF 提出,指的是绝不应该发生的、特别令人震惊的医疗事故。12 为确保所有患者在接受护理时免受伤害,NQF 拟定并签署了一系列严重应报告事件 (SRE)(即“严禁事件”)。 这类事件指的是所有严重的、在很大程度上可预防的、对人体有害的临床事件。提出这一定义的目的在于,帮助医疗保健领域评估、衡量和报告服务方在提供安全护理方面的表现。13
根据 2011 年美国国家质量论坛的最新文件,血管空气栓塞被视为严重应报告事件。14 鉴于此,医院、门诊/办公室手术中心、门诊诊所/办公室诊所、长期护理/专业护理机构可考虑使用 IV过滤器来降低空气栓塞风险。
References
- Rowland HT. (2009). When never happens: Implications of Medicare’s never event policy. Marquette Elder’s Advi; 10: 341-82
- Bhananker S.M. et al. (2009). Liability related to peripheral venous and arterial catheterization: A closed claims analysis. Anesth Analg; 109: 124-9
- Domino K.B. et al. (2004). Injuries and liability related to central vascular catheters: A closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology; 100: 1411-8
- Mirski et al.2007, Perdue 2001, Wittenberg 2006 Diagnosis and treatment of vascular air embolism. Anesthesiology 2007; 106(1): 164-77
- Josephson DL. Risks, complications, and adverse reactions associated with intravenous infusion therapy. In: Josephson DL. Intravenous infusion therapy for medical assistants.The American association of Medical Assistants. Clifton Park: Thomson Delmar Learning 2006; 56-82
- Souders JE. Pulmonary air embolism. J Clin Monit Comput 2000; 16(5-6): 375-83
- Lamm G, Auer J, Punzengruber C, Ng CK and Eber B. Intracoronary air embolism in open heart surgery – an uncommon source of myocardial ischaemia. Int J Cardiol 2006; 112(3): 85-6
- Demaerel P, Gevers AM, De Bruecker Y, Sunaert S and Wilms G. Gastrointest Endosc. Stroke caused by cerebral air embolism during endoscopy 2003; 57(1): 134-5
- Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2020). Publicly Reported DRA HAC Measures - Frequently Asked Questions from https://www.cms.gov/files/document/frequently-asked-questions-publicly-reported-deficit-reduction-act-dra-hospital-acquired-condition.pdf [accessed 02/23/2021]
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